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IntroductionCategoryDetailsComposition– Nitrogen (N₂): Balance gas (typically 60–90% by volume)

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CategoryDetails
Composition– Nitrogen (N₂): Balance gas (typically 60–90% by volume)

– Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): 1–20% (inert, greenhouse gas)

– Oxygen (O₂): 1–10% (oxidizing agent, supports combustion)
Key Applications– Food & Beverage: Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and carbonation

– Biotechnology: Cell culture systems (CO₂/O₂ control for mammalian cells)

– Welding: Shielding gas mixtures (e.g., CO₂ for steel, O₂ for stainless steel)

– Medical: Hyperbaric chambers and respiratory therapy
Physical Properties– CO₂: Dense gas (1.98 kg/m³ at STP); liquifies at 5.2 bar (31°C)

– O₂: Strong oxidizer; supports rapid combustion

– N₂: Inert buffer; prevents oxidation/explosions
Safety Precautions– Fire Risk: O₂-enriched atmospheres ignite flammable materials (keep away from oils/greases)

– Asphyxiation: High CO₂/N₂ levels displace oxygen; monitor O₂ sensors (≥19.5% required)

– Pressure Hazards: Cylinders store gas at 150–200 bar; use regulators
Storage & Handling– High-pressure cylinders (e.g., 50L, 100L) with CGA/DIN valves

– Store upright in cool, well-ventilated areas away from flammables

– Liquid CO₂ in Dewar flasks (vacuum-insulated)
CertificationsCompliance with ISO 7291 (gaseous CO₂), USP/Ph. Eur. (medical O₂), and FDA/USDA regulations for food use
Environmental Impact– CO₂: Major greenhouse gas (GWP 1); contributes to climate change

– O₂: Non-toxic but supports combustion; handle with fire safety protocols
Shelf Life12–24 months when stored at 15–25°C (avoid temperature fluctuations)


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